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WRITE A SHORT NOTE ABOUT AKBAR.

Muslim, Indian, and Western historians all see Akbar as the greatest ruler of Indian history. When his father, Humayun, died in 1556, Akbar became padshah ("ruler of the empire") at the age of thirteen. Under the guidance of Bairam Khan, who had been instrumental in Humayun's reconquests of Panipat, Dehli, and Agra, Akbar instantly began seizing more territory throughout Hindustan. Bairam Khan fell from power in 1560, but Akbar continued his conquest of India and Afghanistan. By the time he died in 1605 (his reign, 1556 to 1605, corresponds almost exactly to that of Elizabeth I of England), his Empire was greater than that of Babur and included almost all of northern India. The most important part of the bureaucracy was tax collection. Akbar made several innovations. His tax, like all other states, was a land tax that amounted to one-third of the value of the crops produced on it each year. However, the tax was assessed equally on every member of the empire—a radical innovation considering that every other state in the sixteenth century rarely taxed the nobility. He also eliminated the tax assessed on non-Muslims. From the beginning of the Islamic expansion, a special tax was levied on non-believers. This special tax, called the jizya , was bitterly resented all during the history of Muslim rule in India. In addition, Muslim rulers in India charged a "pilgrimage" tax on unbelievers travelling to various Hindu pilgrimage sites. Akbar eliminated this tax in 1564
 

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Humayun's son Akbar succeeded Humayun. Inevitably, Akbar had to fight the Afghans. At Panipat in AD 1556, he fought Hemu, the General of the Afghan Sultan, Muhammad Adilshah of the Sur dynasty.Akbar defeated Hemu. This was a decisive victory for the Mughals. The ruler of the Sur dynasty came to an end permanently. This is knowm as the second battle of Panipat. Akbar wasa wise and watchful administrator. He tried to check certain harmful social customs. He abolished the practice of turning prisoners of war into slaves. He abolished taxes like the pilgrim tax and the jizyah. He prohibited customs like sati and infanticide. He allowed remarriages of widows. Akbar's religious policy was liberal and tolerant. He founded 'Din-i- Ilahi', a religious order by incorporating the good principles from all the religions. This new order was based on humanism, monotheism and universal brotherhood. Din-i-Ilahi was an experiment in founding a universal religion. Akbar did not compel anyone to adopt Din-i-Ilahi. 

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Akhbar was the son of Humanyu and he was King From 1556 to 1605 and he has a son named Salim when Salim became king then he kept his name as jahangir

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Akhbar was the son of Humanyu and he was King From 1556 to 1605 and he has a son named Salim when Salim became king then he kept his name as jahangir

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Akbar was a great ruler .he was born in umarkot,sind. he born to Humayun and Hamida Bai. he lived between 1542-1605. he was one among the great rulers in history in all over the world.he was the founder of mughal dynasty. he was a mughal empire he strive for secularism in his days.he was well known as "guardian of mankind"Akbar adopted a policy of conciliation and conquest towards Rajputs states. He married Jodha Bia, the daughter of a Rajput King, Raja Bihari Mal of Amber. He abolished pilgrim tax from non-Muslim in lieu of military service. He had a centralized administration. Akbar promulgated a new creed knows as ‘Din-i-Ilahi’. He patronized Navratra in his court. Akbar had tremendous interest in art, architecture and literature.

 
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akbar was a great ruler .he was born in umarkot,sind. he born to Humayun and Hamida Bai. he lived between 1542-1605. he was one among the great rulers in history in all over the world.he was the founder of mughal dynasty.
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Akbar was a great ruler .he was born in umarkot,sind. he born to Humayun and Hamida Bai. he lived between 1542-1605. he was one among the great rulers in history in all over the world.he was the founder of mughal dynasty. he was a mughal empire he strive for secularism in his days.he was well known as "guardian of mankind"Akbar adopted a policy of conciliation and conquest towards Rajputs states. He married Jodha Bia, the daughter of a Rajput King, Raja Bihari Mal of Amber. He abolished pilgrim tax from non-Muslim in lieu of military service. He had a centralized administration. Akbar promulgated a new creed knows as ‘Din-i-Ilahi’. He patronized Navratra in his court. Akbar had tremendous interest in art, architecture and literature.
 
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Jalaluddin Akbar also known as Akbar the great is considered as the greatest of mughal rulers because he expanded and consolidated his empire and made it strong and powerful. We know a great deal about Akbar' s rule from Abul Fazal' s Akbar nama. Akbar took upon himself the task of administering the vast empire through a policy of confrontation, conciliation and cooperation
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khbar was the son of Humanyu and he was King From 1556 to 1605 and he has a son named Salim when Salim became king then he kept his name as jahangir
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kbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the Delhi Sultanate, but the functions of various departments were reorganised with detailed regulations for their functioning

  • The revenue department was headed by a wazir, responsible for all finances and management of jagir and inamdar feudal lands.
  • The head of the military was called the mir bakshi, appointed from among the leading nobles of the court. The mir bakshi was in charge of intelligence gathering, and also made recommendations to the emperor for military appointments and promotions.
  • The mir saman was in charge of the imperial household, including the harems, and supervised the functioning of the court and royal bodyguard.
  • The judiciary was a separate organization headed by a chief qazi, who was also responsible for religious beliefs and practices. in

Religious Policy[change | change source]

Akbar was a Muslim. He realized that to establish a strong empire, he had to gain the confidence of his Hindu people who were the majority in India.

Din-i-ilahi was a religious path suggested by Akbar. It was a code of moral conduct which reflected Akbar's secular ideas and he desire to achieve peace, unity, tolerance in his empire. Belief in one god, worship of source of light, non-killing of animals, Having peace with all were some features of Din-i-ilahi. It didn't have any rituals, holy books, temples or priests.

Male circumcision was not to be done before the boy was 12 years old, and after that it was optional. It was a Jewish custom adopted by Islam. Akbar's rule was that it should be made optional and should be done, if at all, at an age when boys could understand what it was. Here Akbar gave every man a choice and opportunity to have a play of his reason. Indeed, the boy of reason as he was, he could not deny it to others. He was a very good emperor and he had a sense of justice.

When he was at Fatehpur Sikri, he held discussions as he loved to know about others' religious beliefs. On one such day, he got to know that the religious people of other religions were often bigots (intolerant of others religious beliefs). This led him to form the idea of the new religion, Sulh-e-kul meaning universal peace. His idea of this religion did not discriminate other religions and focused on the ideas of peace, unity and tolerance. This gesture of his made the Hindus and people of other religions call him with different names and start loving him.

Personality[change | change source]

Akbar's reign was chronicled by his court historian Abul Fazal in the books Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari. Other sources of Akbar's reign include the wod Sirhindi. Akbar was an artisan, warrior, artist, armourer, administrator carpenter, emperor, general, inventor, animal trainer, technologist. He became emperor at the age of 18.

Navaratnas[change | change source]

Akbar had Navaratnas or nine jewels in his court which include Abul Fazel, Faizi, Tansen, Birbal, Raja Todar Mal, Raja Man Singh, Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, Fakir Aziao-Din and Mullah Do Piazza.

Akbarnama[change | change source]

The Akbarnāma means the Book of Akbar. It is the official biographical account of Akbar written by Abu Fazal. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. It also includes the information about the flora, fauna, life of the people of his reign, and the places Akbar used to visit.

The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by Abul Fazl, one of the Navratnas (Nine Jewels) of Akbar's royal court. The book took seven years to complete. An illustration was done in the Mughal school of painting. A part of this is Ain-i-Akbari.

Death[change | change source]

On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never recovered. Twelve days after his sixty third year he died on 27 October 1605, after which his body was buried at a mausoleum in Sikandra (Agra): Akbar's tomb.

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Akbar became the?de jure?king in 1556 at the age of 13 when his father died. Bairam Khan was appointed as Akbar's?regent?and chief army commander. Soon after coming to power Akbar defeated Himu, the general of the Afghan forces, in the Second Battle of Panipat. After a few years, he ended the regency of Bairam Khan and took charge of the kingdom. He initially offered friendship to the?Rajputs. However, he had to fight against some Rajputs who opposed him. In 1576 he defeated Maha Rana Pratap of?Mewar?in the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar's wars made the Mughal empire more than twice as big as it had been before, covering most of the?Indian subcontinent?except the south
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1.On the basis of the availability of soils, the lifestyle changes with it. Take an example of the living style of North India and South India. The people of North India have different types of rituals, festivals, and cousins in comparison to South Indian people.The architecture also depends upon the vegetation.
2.Agriculture, forestry, and associated management practices such as tillage, grazing, and afforestation affect the cycling of nutrients, carbon stocks, and biodiversity.?Population increase and development are the drivers for the pressure on land use; more food is needed for a growing population.But with the management of soil ,harmful effects can be reduced,
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Akbar was a great ruler .he was born in umarkot,sind. he born to Humayun and Hamida Bai. he lived between 1542-1605. he was one among the great rulers in history in all over the world.he was the founder of mughal dynasty. he was a mughal empire he strive for secularism in his days.he was well known as "guardian of mankind"Akbar adopted a policy of conciliation and conquest towards Rajputs states. He married Jodha Bia, the daughter of a Rajput King, Raja Bihari Mal of Amber. He abolished pilgrim tax from non-Muslim in lieu of military service. He had a centralized administration. Akbar promulgated a new creed knows as ‘Din-i-Ilahi’. He patronized Navratra in his court. Akbar had tremendous interest in art, architecture and literature.
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