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Financial Mathematics

Recapitulation and Sinking Fund

Present Value:- Present value describes how much a future sum of money is worth today. It accounts for the fact that money we receive today can be invested to earn a return.

If money is wroth i per period, then present value P of amount S due n periods hence is given by P = S(1 + i)n.

Annuity: An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals of time. Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a savings account, monthly insurance payments, and pension payments.

In an ordinary annuity, the first payment is made at the end of the first payment period.

Amount of an Annuity:- The future value of an annuity is the value of a group of recurring payments at a certain date in the future, assuming a particular rate of return, or discount rate.

The future value S of an ordinary annuity of ₹R per period for n periods at the rate i per period is given by 

S=R1+in-1i


Present Value of an Annuity:- The present value of an annuity is the current value of future payments from an annuity, given a specified rate of return, or discount rate.

The present value P of an ordinary annuity of ₹R per payment period for n periods at the rate i per period is given by 

P=R1-1+i-ni

Sinking Fund:-


A sinking fund is a fund created by a corporation or business organisation by putting money aside over time to meet a future capital outlay or the repayment of long-term debt. It is a fund that is built up with the intention of paying off a financial obligation at a later date.

It is an annuity created for accumulating money that can be used for paying off a financial obligation at some future predecided date.

For example, sometimes an individual or a company accumulates money, probably by periodic deposits, either to repay the principal of a loan in one installment or for the expansion of a business, etc.


Amount in a Sinking Fund:-

The amount in a sinking fund at any time is the amount of the annuity formed by the payments. Thus, the amount S in a sinking fund at any time is given by 

S=R1+in-1iR=Periodic deposit or paymentn=Number of periodic depositsi=Interest per period

Sinking Fund Payment:-

The periodic payment of ₹R is required to accumulate a sum of ₹ S over n periods with interest charged at the rate i per period is given by
R=iS1+in-1

Let us understand these topics with examples.

Example 1: How much should a company set aside at the end of each year, if it has to buy a machine expected to cost ₹100,000 at the end of 3 years and the rate of interest is 10% per annum compounded annually? ( Given 1.13=1.331)

Solution: Let ₹ R be set aside at the end of each year. Since the company wants ₹100,000 at the end of 3 years. Therefore,
S=100,000, n=3, i=10100=0.1 R=iS1+in-1R=0.1×100,0001.13-1R=100001.13-1R=100000.331=30,211.48

Thus, to accumulate ₹100,000 after 3 years the company should keep aside ₹30,211.48 every year at 10% per annum compounded annually.


Example 2: A sinking fund is created for the redemption of debentures of ₹200,000 at the end of 25 years. How much money should be provided out of profits each year for the sinking fund, if the investment can earn interest 6% per annum? ( Given 1.0625=4.2918)

Solution: Suppose ₹R are provided out of profits each year for the sinking fund. Then,
S=200,000, n=25 and i=6100=0.06R=iS1+in-10.06×200,0001.0625-1120004.2918-13645.42

Thus, ₹3645.42 are provided out of profits each year for the sinking fund.
Present Value:- Present value describes how much a future sum of money is worth today. It accounts for the fact that money we receive today can be invested to earn a return.

If money is wroth i per period, then present value P of amount S due n periods hence is given by P = S(1 + i)n.

Annuity: An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals of time. Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a savings account, monthly insurance payments, and pension payments.

In an ordinary annuity, the first payment is made at the end of the first payment period.

Amount of an Annuity:- The future value of an annuity is the value of a group of recurring payments at a certain date in the future, assuming a particular rate of return, or discount rate.

The future value S of an ordinary annuity of ₹R per period for n periods at the rate i per period is given by 

S=R1+in-1i


Present Value of an Annuity:- The present value of an annuity is the current value of future payments from an annuity, given a specified rate of return, or discount rate.

The present value P of an ordinary annuity of ₹R per payment period for n periods at the rate i per period is given by 

P=R1-1+i-ni

Sinking Fund:-


A sinking fund is a fund created by a corporation or business organisation by putting money aside over time to meet a future capital outlay or the repayment of long-term debt. It is a fund that is built up with the intention of paying off a financial obligation at a later date.

It is an annuity created for accumulating money that can be used for paying off a financial obligation at some future predecided date.

For example, sometimes an individual or a company accumulates money, probably by periodic deposits, either to repay the principal of a loan in one installment or for the expansion of a business, etc.


Amount in a Sinking Fund:-

The amount in a sinking fund at any time is the amount of the annuity formed by the payments. Thus, the amount S in a sinking fund at any time is given by 

S=R1+in-1iR=Periodic deposit or paymentn=Number of periodic depositsi=Interest per period

Sinking Fund Payment:-

The periodic payment of ₹R is required to accumulate a sum of ₹ S over n periods with interest charged at the rate i per period is given by
R=iS1+in-1

Let us understand these topics with examples.

Example 1: How much should a company set aside at the end of each year, if it has to buy a machine expected to cost ₹100,000 at the end of 3 years and the rate of interest is 10% per annum compounded annually? ( Given 1.13=1.331)

Solution: Let ₹ R be set aside at the end of each year. Since the company wants ₹100,000 at the end of 3 years. Therefore,
S=100,000, n=3, i=10100=0.1 R=iS1+in-1R=0.1×100,0001.13-1R=100001.13-1R=100000.331=30,211.48

Thus, to accumulate ₹100,000 after 3 years the company should keep aside ₹30,211.48 every year at 10% per annum compounded annually.


Example 2: A sinking fund is created for the redemption of debentures of ₹200,000 at the end of 25 years. How much money should be provided out of profits each year for the sinking fund, if the investment can earn interest 6% per annum? ( Given 1.0625=4.2918)

Solution: Suppose…

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